李燕明教授团队在哮喘领域知名期刊发表伞形综述研究,梳理全生命期哮喘预防与管理的非药物干预方法
来源: 呼吸界 04-26


2024年2月,北京医院呼吸与危重症医学科李燕明教授团队在哮喘领域知名期刊Clinical and Translational Allergy杂志在线发表题目为“Non-pharmacological Interventions for Asthma Prevention and Management Across the Life Course: Umbrella Review”的伞形综述。


伞形综述(umbrella review)又被称为“系统评价再评价”(overview of systematic reviews),是通过明确定义研究问题,系统搜索系统评价和 Meta 分析,提取、分析和汇总跨界结果,提供特定问题的当前证据的综合汇总[1]


研究背景


哮喘是常见的全球健康关注的热点问题之一。GBD数据显示2019年全球哮喘患者大约有2.624亿人[2]。哮喘可以在任何年龄发作,不同年龄段发病特征不同。因此对长期管理提出了挑战[3]


哮喘的预防和管理包括药物干预和非药物干预。非药物干预是指旨在减轻危险因素暴露或加强保护性因素,而实施的一系列行为改变的措施,是慢性病管理的关键策略[4-8],但在临床指南和临床实践中重视不足。


世界卫生组织倡导采用全生命期的管理策略实现慢病管理[9,10]。该策略为理解哮喘预防和控制提供了独特的视角。虽然非药物干预在哮喘预防和控制方面具有巨大潜力,但证据尚未系统整合。本伞形综述旨在评估非药物干预在哮喘预防和管理中的效果,按生命期分类,为临床实践和未来研究提供建议。


方法


本伞形综述收集和评估了涵盖所有类型哮喘非药物干预措施的系统评价/Meta分析(SRs/MAs)的信息[11,12]。方案在PROSPERO平台注册(CRD42023397295)。两位作者在2023年2月9日对2010年1月至2022年12月发表在4个主要医学数据库(Cochrane Library、PubMed、Embase和Ovid)的文献进行了全面检索。检索和筛选过程中的任何分歧都通过与第三作者共同讨论解决。


纳入标准基于“PICOs”设计制定(表1)。排除标准为:(1)侧重于药物干预,或针对医疗专业人员的行为进行的干预;(2)评论文章或不具备系统检索的一般综述;(3)不含上述结局指标;(4)非英文文献;(5)无法获取全文。



文献的数据提取由两位作者独立进行。提取的数据主要包括文献基本信息和干预的关键特征。对于每对干预类型和结局指标,评估其效果并分为三个水平,以综合表示干预措施的有效性和各综述结果的一致性:“一致的有益证据”表示所有研究均发现益处,“有益证据但尚存不一致发现”表示研究的发现不同,但其中部分研究发现了益处,而“无显著益处”表示所有研究均未发现益处。


纳入研究的质量由两位作者使用AMSTAR-2工具[13]独立评估。考虑到纳入的文献整体质量水平相对较低,对AMSTAR-2的评价标准进行了调整。


综合考虑了基于AMSTAR-2评估的文献质量等级以及基于干预类型和结局指标的效果等级,将具有一致证据或中高质量证据的干预措施纳入推荐。推荐的干预措施可分为三个级别:(1)中/高质量,且具有一致的有益证据;(2)中高质量,有益证据但尚存不一致发现,以及(3)低质量,但具有一致的有益证据。


结果


初始检索共确定了1719篇SRs/MAs,其中PubMed 569篇,Ovid 495篇,Cochrane Library 69篇,EMBASE 586篇(图1略)。根据标题和摘要删除重复和不相关的文章后,对336篇文章进行了进一步全文筛选,最终共纳入145篇SRs/MAs。将纳入的SRs/MAs根据涉及到的干预类型和生命阶段进行分类(图2)。


Figure 2 Number of included studies on non-pharmacological interventions for asthma by stages of life course.

The colour intensity corresponds to the number of included studies within each category, with deeper colours indicating higher article counts. Intervention categories are represented on the X-axis, and life course stages are shown on the Y-axis.


哮喘全生命期中干预措施的有效性

非药物干预在不同生命期表现出不同的有效性在图3中展示。

Figure 3 Effectiveness of key non-pharmacological interventions across the life course.

(A) Effectiveness of key non-pharmacological interventions in prenatal period and infancy. (B) Effectiveness of key non-pharmacological interventions in childhood. (C) Effectiveness of key non-pharmacological interventions in adolescence. (D) Effectiveness of key non-pharmacological interventions in adulthood and older adulthood. *Risk of developing asthma, risk of developing asthma in the offspring. Abbreviations: n-3 LC-PUFA, omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FEV1%, forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity; PEF, peak expiratory flow; PEFR, peak expiratory flow rate; FVC, forced vital capacity.


妊娠期

膳食补充剂和饮食模式是综述中评估的主要非药物干预类型。在针对孕妇的18篇SRs/MAs中,17篇侧重于膳食补充剂。尽管几篇综述报告了维生素D、n-3 LC-PUFA和抗氧化剂补充剂在降低后代哮喘发病风险方面的益处,但证据仍不一致。益生元/益生菌在降低后代哮喘发病风险方面无显著益处。


婴儿期

16篇SRs/MAs研究了非药物干预对婴儿的影响。3篇综述发现了纯母乳喂养在降低哮喘远期发病风险方面的一致益处[14-16],一项meta分析支持持续≥6个月的纯母乳喂养[16]。维生素D在降低婴儿哮喘风险方面没有显著益处[17,18]。尽管有7篇综述研究了微生态调节剂的影响,但其有效性仍无定论。


儿童期

78篇SRs/MAs中体育锻炼、数字健康干预和维生素D是三大主要干预类型。11篇SRs/MAs评估了维生素D的效果,虽然少数研究表明其对控制哮喘相关症状、提高哮喘控制水平、减少急性加重和住院有益,但结果不一致。关于哮喘加重的不一致结论可能归因于哮喘儿童血清25(OH)D浓度的差异。两篇综述发现,维生素D补充仅在血清25(OH)D水平较低的亚组人群(一项综述<10 ng/mL,另一项综述<25nmol/L)中显著降低了哮喘加重的风险[19,20]

我们还观察到,关键的非药物干预模式出现了重要转化,即从妊娠期和婴儿期倾向于补充剂和饮食,逐渐转变为在儿童期注重运动和体重管理。体育锻炼和呼吸训练在改善生活质量和提高肺功能方面均显示有益证据但尚存不一致发现。体育锻炼对改善哮喘控制水平、呼吸练习对减轻哮喘相关症状和减少哮喘急性发作的方面,也显示出了有益证据但尚存不一致发现。非手术减重在改善儿童哮喘控制水平方面表现出有益证据但尚存不一致发现,但在肺功能方面无显著益处。

很大一部分综述侧重于关注在儿童所处的不同环境(包括家庭、学校和社区)中实施自我管理支持和健康教育计划。这些干预措施通常具有多组分,并在哮喘控制方面显示出益处。12篇综述强调使用数字健康技术支持自我管理和健康教育,并在改善药物依从性方面显示出益处,在不同哮喘控制结局方面有一定帮助[21-32]。3篇综述表明心理干预在改善患者生活质量和减少哮喘症状方面的有效性[26,33]。最后,针对哮喘儿童的家庭环境干预有助于减少急诊就诊和学校缺勤。


青少年期

64篇SRs/MAs评估了在青少年阶段的结果与儿童期相似。与儿童期相比,一些关键非药物干预对青少年期的哮喘控制产生了相似的影响。8篇SRs/MAs显示了学校自我管理支持和健康教育计划的前景,对一系列哮喘相关结局进行了评估,发现了有益证据但尚存不一致发现。一项综述研究了呼吸练习的影响,报告了呼吸练习对改善生活质量的积极影响[34]


成人期和老年期

80篇SRs/MAs评估了成人期和老年期的非药物干预,其中只有一篇综述是针对65岁及以上老年人的研究[35]。如运动、心理干预和数字健康干预在现有综述中受到极大关注。6篇综述侧重于不同类型的心理干预,证实了心理干预在改善哮喘不同结局方面的有效性[36-39]。一项Cochrane综述报告了成人哮喘患者在进行3个月的呼吸练习后生活质量有所改善,但干预的疗程和类型仍无定论[39]。此外,一项meta分析研究比较了不同类型运动对哮喘有益影响,揭示有氧运动比自由选择或多种联合的运动类型对哮喘患者的肺功能和生活质量更有益[40]。高强度间歇训练可以在慢性期减轻哮喘症状[41]。体重管理,特别是减肥手术,成为成人哮喘患者的重要策略,4项SRs/MAs报告了体重管理对改善哮喘生活质量、减少哮喘急性加重和提高肺功能的益处[42-46]


纳入的SRs/MAs的方法学质量

大多数SRs/MAS(n=109,75.17%)被评为极低质量,其余综述为低质量(n=28,19.31%)、中等质量(n=3,2.06%)和高质量(n=6,4.14%)。表S4提供了纳入的SRs/MAs的AMSTAR 2评估结果。


哮喘全生命期有效干预的推荐

从12篇SRs/MAS中确定了7对推荐的干预类型及其结局指标,作为哮喘预防和控制的推荐或建议干预措施。在成人期和老年期,心理干预对哮喘控制和生活质量的一致益处有高水平证据支持[47],位于推荐列表的首位,如图4所示。一些干预措施有低水平但一致的有益证据,如母乳喂养可降低婴儿期哮喘发病风险,社区自我管理支持可提高儿童服药依从性并减少青少年哮喘相关症状,维生素D可减少青少年住院和急诊就诊,临床环境自我管理支持可提高成人/老年期生活质量。此外,高质量综述提示了一些干预与结局的潜在益处,如产前期维生素D可降低后代哮喘发病风险,从儿童期到老年期阶段的数字健康干预可改善哮喘控制和生活质量,从成人和老年期阶段的呼吸练习可改善生活质量、哮喘相关症状和肺功能。然而,现有综述并未提供关于其有效性的一致结果,因此,我们将其列在推荐列表的末尾,以表明其潜在益处和一致性不足。


Figure 4 Recommendation of results across the life course.

Abbreviations: FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FEV1%, forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity; FVC, forced vital capacity.


讨论

这项伞形综述纳入145篇综述,梳理了7大类25个亚类非药物干预在全生命期哮喘预防和管理的证据。然而,只确定了12篇方法学质量由低到高的综述,报告了非药物干预的益处。此外,由于纳入文献数量有限以及干预设计和结局指标的异质性相对较高,许多现有综述的结论仍不确定。


与少数现有仅关注特定生命期的综述不同[48],我们的综述考虑了整个生命历程,并证明非药物干预的关注点在全生命期各阶段存在一定差异。例如,妊娠期和婴儿期侧重膳食和补充剂,儿童期和青少年期则涵盖运动、体重管理、自我管理支持、心理干预和环境控制等。


心理干预尤为值得关注。动机访谈、冥想、认知行为治疗等心理干预策略,在改善儿童期和成人期哮喘患者生活质量以及优化成人期哮喘控制方面一致有益[26,36-38,47,49,50]。突显了将心理干预整合到哮喘自我管理计划和数字健康解决方案中的巨大潜力。


一些哮喘非药物干预在单个生命期之外也有益。控制室内环境因素可减少儿童、青少年和成人哮喘的急诊就诊和学校或工作缺勤[51-55]。运动在儿童期、青少年期和成人期也有益。因此鼓励尽早干预,可能带来跨越多个生命期的长期益处。


某些哮喘非药物干预可能对不同生命期人群有不同影响。微生物制剂相关干预虽在妊娠期、婴儿期和儿童期都有研究,但只有婴儿期有不一致的益处证据[56-63]。体重管理在成人期非常重要,有相对较强证据支持其改善生活质量、减少急性加重和改善肺功能[43-45,64-68],但对儿童和青少年肺功能影响不显著[66-68]。这种异质性强调了根据生命历程和个人目标实施定制化非药物干预的需求。


这是首个全面评估非药物干预在全生命期中预防和控制哮喘有效性的伞形综述,为临床实践、指南制定和研究提供了重要见解。但证据仍存在差距,未来研究应探索非药物干预在不同人群中影响的原因和机制,以及长期累积有效性。许多综述未能得出关于标准化推荐非药物干预的结论,特别需要更多高质量研究探索不同干预剂量和途径对哮喘控制的短期和长期影响。


研究仍有局限性:(1)排除了非英语、2010年前发表或未纳入主要数据库的综述;(2)证据是通过综合现有综述结果产生的,原始试验细节可能被忽略,不同综述纳入的研究可能重叠;(3)虽然将类似干预综合在一起,但原始研究和现有综述在干预设计、提供途径、背景和评估结局方面存在异质性,增加了定量和直接比较的难度。


结论


本研究强调了非药物干预措施,特别是心理干预,在哮喘预防和控制的全生命期策略中的重要性。一些非药物干预措施在整个生命历程中的有效性表明,临床实践中需要根据患者所处的生命期的个性化干预策略。需要更多高质量的研究来了解非药物干预措施在不同人群中的不同影响,并确定提供个性化、有效且具有成本效益的干预措施以优化哮喘预防和控制的策略。


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作者介绍


佟训靓

医学博士,北京医院呼吸与危重症医学科主治医师。2022年曾被人社部/团中央评为青年岗位能手标兵。在Lancet,JAMA等杂志发表SCI论文40余篇,中文核心期刊论文5篇。曾主持国家自然科学基金青年项目,北京市自然科学基金面上项目,中央高水平医院临床研究课题,美国中华医学基金会开放竞争项目,以课题骨干身份参与十四五国家重点研发计划,首都卫生发展科研专项等项目。


张馨月

中国医学科学院北京协和医学院2022级内科学专业直博生,师从李燕明教授。研究方向为支气管哮喘,曾获研究生奖学金(2022年),发表SCI文章2篇。


宫恩莹

博士,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院群医学及公共卫生学院副研究员,呼吸和共病全国重点实验室成员。主要研究方向为慢性病流行病学及其防控策略研究、实施科学。主持国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目、美国中华医学会公开竞标项目、世界卫生组织西太区咨询项目。以课题骨干身份参与多项国家重点研发计划、工程院咨询项目,以及英国医学研究理事会、澳大利亚医学研究理事会、世界卫生组织亚洲观察站等资助的研究项目。在包括PLOS Medicine,Circulation等杂志发表SCI文章30余篇,参编专著2本。


* 文章仅供医疗卫生相关从业者阅读参考


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